Learning bodies: What do teachers learn from embodied practice?

Joanne Yoo and Sarah Loch
University of Technology Sydney, Australia

In this article, we reflect on ways that young adolescents learn through embodied practice, which we define as moments when the body is 'caught up' in learning activities. Our observations draw from two workshops conducted as part of the IMC Sky High! program which annually involves over 150 Year 7 and 8 students from schools in low socioeconomic areas of south-west Sydney, Australia. The program is delivered on and off campus by a team at the University of Technology Sydney. In addition to building confidence and skill in curriculum areas, the program aims to introduce young high school students to a tertiary environment and motivate them to engage more actively at school. Paying close attention to a classical music encounter and a trip to a museum, we use ethnographic strategies to consider how looking, doing, listening and proximity facilitate feelings of connection and motivation towards learning. We discuss how an educators' sensitivity to the listening and speaking body, and the learning and caring body can enhance learning design and opportunities for engagement. Greater awareness of embodiment can enable educators to facilitate rich, sensory learning encounters that are empowering and transformative.

Introduction

Of particular interest to us are observations of the role physical involvement plays in making learning activities engaging for students identified by their teachers as disengaged from school and learning. The themes we consider are that of the listening and speaking body, the disrupted and the caring body. This cluster of themes was selected following observations of two Sky High events attended by students in the Year 7 2015 cohort. We employ ethnographic principles to notice how students become caught up or physically involved in the activities. We record and reflect on our observations to promote empathetic understanding and increased sensitivity to participating students' learning needs. This method enables us to consider practice from a phenomenological view which depicts the body as a vibrant site of communication, of being and of knowing (Grosz, 1994). This stance has the potential to help practitioners become more open to and aware of the body's possibilities to enhance learning engagement. We conclude by suggesting how educators can respond more intentionally and attentively to the significance of the body to create meaningful encounters for learners.

Socioeconomic context of the IMC Sky High! program

The participating schools' overall linguistic and cultural profiles are notably diverse; this point is reflected in the identities of the students involved. Of the nine participating high schools in 2015, on average 74% of students at these schools speak languages other than English (LOTE) at home (Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority, 2015). Two schools report LOTE backgrounds as high as 96%. Most of the schools have small percentages of indigenous students (e.g. 1% to 6%) but one school celebrates 12% of their population coming from an indigenous background. The Index of Community Socio-Educational Advantage (ICSEA) for these schools range from 870 to 939, with the average at 912. The average national value is 1000, which places the participating schools below the national average value. Representative of the demography of south-western Sydney, there are many students from Arabic speaking backgrounds and of the Muslim faith. There are also students from refugee backgrounds whose teachers feel will benefit from 'viable connections between classroom learning and outside uses of literacy' (Naidoo, 2010, pp. 53-54); a feature of Sky High events. In the current social context, some elements of culture and religion can make engagement in public, community life and schooling more difficult for some students. One of the participating teachers reported that her female Muslim students were reluctant to leave the school's suburb as girls had experienced abuse when wearing the hijab in public. Teachers accompany their students to each workshop and become an important bridge as students physically and metaphorically transfer learning between school and Sky High.

Futures, career choices and aspirations

Research in the career education field around the development of occupational aspirations (Gottfredson, 1981) suggests value in making an impact when young adolescents are refining perceptions of their ability and aligning these with perceived status levels of occupations. The Smith Family's Learning for Life program, another program that supports children from low socioeconomic families and communities, stresses the importance of making an early impact on students' self-perceptions of their ability in order to raise students' expectations of what they can achieve in life. The Learning for Life research indicates respondents (Year 8 and 9 students, aged 13-15) had largely already decided on key elements of their future pathways, based on an intersection of perceived ability and gender, and that low perceptions of one's ability to achieve at school were more likely to contribute to plans not involving post-school education, apprenticeships or traineeships (Beavis, Curtis & Curtis, 2005). This finding is suggestive of experiences of students from more marginal cultural and economic groups. Lingard and Keddie (2013, p. 427) consider that opportunities to maximise the impact of school through high levels of intellectual rigour can contribute to more 'equitable outcomes for marginalised students', which is a goal of Sky High.

By approaching a commitment to equity through research into embodied practice, our paper positions disadvantaged, middle years students as successful learners, and learners and leaders of great potential. This stance contributes to Nancy Fraser's (1997, p. 16) 'redistribution-recognition dilemma,' which is concerned with recognising the contributions and potential of people 'subject to both cultural injustice and economic injustice'. The vast majority of children participating in Sky High experience elements of cultural exclusion and economic deprivation owing to backgrounds outlined above. Programs such as Sky High have important roles to play in 'mobilising spaces of possibility and hope' (Keddie, 2012, p. 2) through translation of theory into practice.

The educational body in literature

Bodily knowing is believed to lie at the heart of the aesthetic experience, which provides a point of connection for the events described in this paper. We think 'with and through' the body in our practice as bodily knowing is a 'primary mode of being and becoming' (Green & Hopwood, 2015, p.18). Such knowing is demonstrated through the ways that the body listens and responds to its context. This is particularly evident during out of school, excursion type experiences, which typically have been seen to evoke high levels of bodily engagement, where a fusion of the whole being can cultivate a 'refined and intensified form of experience' (Hubard, 2007, p.3). Grosz (1994) describes this intensified experience through the 'lived' and 'inscribed' body. The lived body alludes to the body as it is physically experienced or the way in which it interacts with the world on an everyday level through our bodily senses, such as taste, touch, smell and sight (Merleau-Ponty, 1962). This aligns with the phenomenologist view described above. Following our observations of students engaged in learning activities, we gain insights into students' intentionality through how they listen to and communicate with the world by rising up to meet it rather than passively inhabiting it. The focus of this article is on the lived body of the participants rather than the inscribed body, which conveys how the body delivers specific messages of power and culture through identifying with a particular culture, gender or social status. Although we acknowledge the ways disadvantage can be 'written on' and 'read from' bodies to constrict young people's learning experiences, our objective is to see how bodies engage with these experiences.

One very accessible means of exploring embodiment and engagement is through observing bodily movement. Farnell and Varela (2008) refer to the 'moving body, the doing itself' and the primacy of embodied meaning making by describing how we make sense of experiences, by being engaged through the 'modalities of taste, hearing, touch, pain, smell, sight and kinesthesia' (p.216). Deleuze (1988) similarly highlights this connection by explaining how the process of becoming lies in the body's ability to affect and be affected. The physical extension of bodies is considered to be 'matter-energy' (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987, p.408). Bodily movement is closely related to the affective body or engagement as the body is perceived as something that moves and feels (Massumi, 2002). Coffey (2012) explains the Deleuzian concepts of affect by describing how bodies in motion are positive and affirmative and, 'defined by their relations and affects, opening up or closing down possibilities ... in continuous movement and negotiation' (p. 16). As bodies are considered to be feeling, interacting, becoming and moving in practice or performance, they can be understood as 'intensities, rather than entities' (Coffey, 2012, p. 7). As we focus on the body, we observe the ways that deep levels of immersion, of being lost in the movement of one's body, can become an affective and aesthetic process. This is where individuals lose self-consciousness and experience positive emotion as they become engaged through their bodies. Our responses to observations of the students illustrates how bodies can become 'caught up' in an activity through voice, eyes, proximity and movement.

The literature also indicates how practitioners can use their bodies to demonstrate care by actively involving students in learning. In our program we are interested to see how facilitators manipulate their bodies to dynamically engage students. Positions of caring have been commonly associated with responsiveness, as individuals actively respond to the needs of others to form 'encounters' with the ones cared for (Noddings, 1992). These gestures are believed to establish intimacy as the individual is present with his or her body (Uitto & SyrjäläŠ, 2008). For instance, gestures that embody physical closeness, such as crouching next to a child, have been construed as more ethical and non-intimidating gestures of care, as teachers speak to students on their level (Vick & Martinez, 2011). Unethical presentations of teachers' bodily positions, however, include physical positions that mark out distinction and distance, such as standing away from students and using a loud authoritative voice to command attention (Estola & Elbaz-Luwisch, 2003; Vick & Martinez, 2011). Through our events we aim to be attentive to how facilitators use their bodies to engage students in powerful and meaningful learning encounters.

Researching music and museum workshops

The ethnographic method of collecting data through observing and recording helped us note the emotions and understandings of which students may have been unaware had they been given a survey or interviewed. This was both an important and useful strategy as prior experiences of conducting written surveys and face to face interviews appeared limited by students' self-consciousness in articulating their views. Utilising an observational method is affirmed by others who research children and young adolescents as observation may free up alternate modes of understanding (Tisdall, Davis & Gallagher, 2009). The ethnographic method was used to observe the body as 'the active and intentional reaching out from its physical existence' (Estola & Elbaz-Luwisch, 2003, p. 697). In using this approach, we were also conscious of the embodied nature of our observations, which Dixon and Senior (2011) allude to by defining seeing as, 'the involvement of reading with body and emotion' (p.475). Our descriptions of student and facilitators' bodies provides glimpses of the engaged body, which are not always easily noticed or visible within the multitude of encounters within events.

The music workshop was facilitated by a music education lecturer from the university and two professional classical musicians, a cellist and viola player. It was held over three hours in a media studio with tiered seating, a lighting rig and a large black curtain, denoting audience and stage areas. In preparing the workshop, the music lecturer created a range of music-making and movement opportunities and provided students with a large collection of percussion instruments, including many Asian and Middle Eastern instruments. These were organised in small boxes and arranged along one wall of the stage area. The professional musicians brought their glossy and impressive instruments, which were tuned and waiting in a side room before being brought out for the concert after the lunch break. Although classical music was noted as a largely unfamiliar experience for these students by their teachers, the event addressed syllabus requirements of listening experiences and opportunities to recognise Australia's musical culture (Board of Studies Teaching and Educational Standards NSW, 2007). Music provides an ideal context for investigation of the concerns of this paper as it creates a multi-sensory experience of hearing sound, seeing movement and encouraging kinaesthetic responses to a variety of stimuli (Custodero, 2002).

The one day museum visit promoted a similarly sensory learning experience as students physically encountered a collection of artefacts representative of Australia's maritime heritage. A small number of students indicated that they had visited the museum in primary school but few had attended since that time. Students were divided into two groups and were taken on tour by museum guides through a recently decommissioned warship and submarine, a replica of explorer James Cook's boat, The Endeavour, and through the indoor galleries with stories of immigration and Antarctic exploration. The two of us wrote observations of these events in our notebooks. We positioned ourselves on the periphery of the event, such as in the darkened audience seats in the music studio and on the edge of the group when touring the museum. We separately noted what we felt to be the most salient, interesting or curious observations.

The events under examination had not been nominated in advance as there was no intentional plan to research or write about the body. Presentations of the body became increasingly evident, however, when field notes were shared in post-workshop debriefing sessions with the larger team. Our notes made frequent and detailed mention of the movement of bodies through the spaces and how students' bodies were positioned in relation to the learning activity and to each other. We recognised a mutual sensitivity to embodied practice and became more alert to the recording of interactions which may have previously passed unremarked had we not paused to share and reflect on our observations. This allowed us to draw on Taylor's (2013, p. 698) recognition of 'that which is resolutely mundane within everyday pedagogic practice' by giving attention to what could otherwise have been recorded as inattention, chatting with friends, ignoring the tutor, being shy etc. We concur with Taylor (2013, p. 698) that giving attention to what may pass as unremarkable classroom interactions can heighten educators' awareness of the potent 'constellation of human-nonhuman agencies, forces and events'.

Our investigations take an ethnographic approach revolving around the act of being, seeing and writing (Delamont & Atkinson, 1995). As observers who are also part of the program's organising team, we aim to identify factors of our program that are efficacious and potentially transferable to other programs, as well as to school. An ethnographic approach also allows for insights revealing the researchers' perspectives and experiences, which can result in more educators raising their voices to make sense of the complexities of student engagement (Harris, 2011).

Findings from observations

The embodiment of listening and speaking

The tutor shared a secret that the musicians are in fact talking to us as they play. She tells us to watch for it and indeed we are able to see them looking at each other as they play, moving their bodies rhythmically and in tune with each other. (Joanne, music event, April 2015)

Smil[ing] and jump[ing] as the last note vibrated from his bow and the cellist, although seated, used his fingertips, arms, back and head, in smooth movement, to achieve momentum and make his instrument sing. (Sarah, music event, April 2015)

I focus on the students and their humming and their streamers - they are being taken out of themselves. (Sarah, music event, April 2015)

Clicking, stamping, calling Ð one girl is laughing and smiling as she does it. A boy looks concerned. He twists his hands together. Perhaps he can't click? He's watching the tutor. He stretches and looks up at the lighting rig. (Sarah, music event, April 2015)

But as I wrote, my body hummed. In that darkened space in the front row of the studio I remembered where I was and what we were doing there together. Like the students, lost in sound, I also began to listen. (Sarah, music event, April 2015)

A flow of continuous sound in the air is thick with intense concentration on the music/sound, of where it ends and where the silence begins. (Joanne, music event, April 2015)

Learning as the engaged body

An example was when students were invited to enter the confined spaces of the warship and submarine at the museum. We needed to climb backwards down a ladder to enter the submarine; an unfamiliar action for many. The novelty and challenge, however, created some excitement as those standing near the staircase noted how people managed the task in different ways. Students at the base of the staircase offered advice to those climbing down. The excitement prompted one teacher to comment on how the inability to see where we were going helped to lift inhibitions. Another teacher mentioned the brain was learning through making new connections and by breaking free of old bodily routines and patterns:

We are excited as we enter the submarine. Nervous chatter and giggling erupts. We have to go into the submarine backwards. My feet feel uncertain and I am worried I will fall. I surprise myself when I make it safely to the bottom. (Joanne, museum event April 2015)

One student was seen lying down and staring mesmerised at the wall ... the whole exhibit seems to lend itself to seeing things from different perspectives, as items are hung and positioned in strange irregular angles. (Joanne, museum event, April 2015)

A boy asks why the boats are just up on a wall and not being used. The guide explains why we keep things in a museum. (Sarah, museum event, April 2015)

The caring body

After the first activity I am immediately aware of the space. The students are positioned closer to [the facilitator]. There is a ring of boys less than a metre around forming a circle around her. I feel how they are drawn to her. (Joanne, music event, June 2015)

The teacher [from the student's school] is talking to the boy who is erratically moving the streamer. [The teacher's] body language is comfortable and he stands close, leaning in to hear what the child is saying. The boy obviously respects him and looks to him when he feels anxious. The teacher knows this and stands close behind his student. (Joanne, music event, April 2015)

Inside the submarine exhibit. The guide has an increasing voice, like a sonar ... The guide has a good 'wait time', the kids are alive and alert. They stand very close to the guide. (Sarah, museum, June 2015)

He urges us to go to see the items salvaged from a wreckage of a ship, Australia's worst maritime disaster. The students are not getting up. They are tired. He makes a sharp comment. He does not understand how they tire easily. He does not understand their disinterest. (Joanne, museum event, June 2015)

Conclusion

The themes of this paper are the listening and speaking body, the learning and caring body. The use of ethnographic principles allows us to 'sit with' the students as we record and reflect on the things that 'catch them up' in engagement. These observations promote empathetic understanding towards the student participants and an increased sensitivity to what can easily be overlooked as educators focus on complex loads of delivering, monitoring and assessing learning to perform bodily as teachers. Our observations and reflections connect us with literature on embodied practice that asserts the body to be a very accurate form of knowing (Estola & Elbaz-Luwisch, 2003). It also provides examples of how learners can engage in meaningful encounters by being deeply immersed through their senses (Grosz, 1994).

The body is shown to occupy a central and constantly changing role as people, environments and emotions shift. In the music event, the facilitator took great care to create an experience where students were involved; 'seeing the performance of sound, feeling through their own bodies these musical ideas, developing understanding engendered through these integrated, sensorial experiences' (Facilitator, music event, April 2015). The museum engaged students on a highly sensory and physical level through the use of sound, images, the positioning of artefacts and the design of space. This experience was heavily mediated through the skill of the guides, including one who created a memorable learning experience through his own ease and enjoyment of being in the space, expressions of his own interest and curiosity, and the pleasure he demonstrated being in the students' company.

Making space and time for bodily exploration is important. Listening and responding with one's body appears a valuable skill that is increasingly less utilised due to pressures in education to accumulate knowledge and be accountable. A multisensory learning experience, such as music, is vital in giving students reasons to main a high level of concentration. But educators must build safe spaces for students to slow down and learn to listen mindfully to their own bodies and build awareness of the bodies around them.

In terms of engagement, bodies give good clues as to levels of motivation, inspiration and disengagement. Students who are engaged in their learning tend to lean in and stand or sit closer, feel confident to move and experiment, and use their hands to touch their surroundings. Facilitators are also observed as being engaged when they use their bodies and voices dynamically and share their experiences with the students. Engagement can be construed as a mutual process, as often the pleasure of watching students lose themselves in an experience can enhance the engagement of facilitators and other students. Observation of embodied practice carries an added level of importance as this dimension can increase the intellectual and emotional presence of curriculum. Educators can use bodily awareness as a more dynamic method of asking students to listen attentively by encouraging the whole group to respond to all participants' input. Efforts to empower children, particularly those who are vulnerable, have potential to help teachers understand more than just what is spoken out loud. Finally, through embracing the body as a rich and diverse knowledge source, educators may be better able to encourage trust in the body and encourage learners to immerse themselves in opportunities which appear foreign and frightening, but which lead to valuable experiences and continual learning.

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Authors: Dr Joanne Yoo is an educational researcher with the International Research Centre for Youth Futures, University of Technology Sydney. Her research interests include teaching and learning as an embodied practice, action research and arts based methodologies such as narrative inquiry and autoethnography. Email: joanne.yoo@uts.edu.au Dr Sarah Loch is a lecturer with the International Research Centre for Youth Futures, University of Technology Sydney. Her research explores alternate educational spaces of co-curricular learning, learning outside the school, unconventional schools and school reform, especially in relation to the middle years of education and adolescents' future thinking. Email: sarah.loch@uts.edu.au (corresponding author) Web: http://www.uts.edu.au/staff/sarah.loch Please cite as: Yoo, J. & Loch, S. (2016). Learning bodies: What do teachers learn from embodied practice? Issues in Educational Research, 26(3), 528-542. http://www.iier.org.au/iier26/yoo.html